15 questions
Explanation: Statement 1 is false. Defragmentation benefits only HDDs, because an SSD has no moving head and unnecessary writes shorten its life. SSDs use TRIM instead. Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: BOSS, Bharat Operating System Solutions, was developed by C-DAC, the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing. NIC is known for e-governance applications such as e-Office.
Explanation: The kernel is the core of the OS and manages the CPU, memory and devices. The shell is only the interface between the user and the kernel, BIOS is firmware, and a compiler is a language translator.
Explanation: Virtual memory uses disk space, the page file in Windows or swap space in Linux, to extend RAM. Cache is fast memory near the CPU, spooling queues print jobs, and buffering is temporary storage during data transfer.
Explanation: Shift+Delete bypasses the Recycle Bin, so the file cannot be restored from there. Ctrl+Shift+Esc opens Task Manager, and the other two are not permanent-delete shortcuts.
Explanation: RAID 5 usable capacity is (n − 1) x S because one disk worth of space holds parity. Here (4 − 1) x 2 = 6 TB. The figure 8 TB is RAID 0, 4 TB is RAID 6 and 2 TB is RAID 1 with two disks.
Explanation: Linux systems use ext4, a journaling file system. NTFS is used by Windows, APFS by macOS, and exFAT is chosen for flash drives that must work across Windows and macOS.
Explanation: Magnetic tape must be read in order from the beginning, which makes it a sequential-access device suited to long-term archives. HDD, SSD and CD are all direct-access devices.
Explanation: 3 GB is 3072 MB, and 3072 divided by 700 is about 4.39. Four CDs hold only 2800 MB, which is less than 3072 MB, so 5 are needed. Rounding down to 4 is the usual error, because a part-filled CD still counts as one.
Explanation: The problem is the FAT32 limit of 4 GB for a single file, not free space. Reformatting to exFAT or NTFS removes the limit, and the backup is needed first because formatting erases the drive. Changing the extension does not change the size, and a larger FAT32 drive has the same limit.
Explanation: An RTOS guarantees a response within a strict deadline and is used in air traffic control and medical equipment. A batch OS groups jobs, a time-sharing OS divides CPU time among users, and a distributed OS makes several machines act as one.
Explanation: A single-layer DVD holds 4.7 GB. The figure 700 MB is a CD, 8.5 GB is a dual-layer DVD and 25 GB is a single-layer Blu-ray disc.
Explanation: RAID 1 writes identical copies to two disks, so one disk can fail without data loss. Striping alone is RAID 0, striping with parity is RAID 5, and compression is not a RAID technique.
Explanation: FAT32 limits a single file to 4 GB, strictly 4 GB minus one byte. The 32 in the name refers to 32-bit table entries, not to a size, so 32 GB is a trap. The 2 GB limit belonged to the older FAT16.
Explanation: NVMe drives connect through PCIe lanes and are far faster than SATA drives. IDE is an older and slower interface, USB is for external drives, and Ethernet is a networking standard, not a storage interface.
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